Manual media-buying is a term used to refer to the process of buying and placing advertising directly, without the use of automated technology or platforms. Manual media-buying typically involves a human buyer, who negotiates directly with the publisher or platform, and who makes decisions about which ads to buy, where to place them, and how much to pay. Manual media-buying can be a time-consuming and labor-intensive process, as it requires the buyer to research and evaluate potential placements, and to negotiate and manage multiple relationships with different publishers and platforms. Manual media-buying is typically used by small-scale advertisers, or by advertisers who prefer to have more control and flexibility over their ad placements.